RESUMEN Introducción: La Pandemia COVID-19, ha tenido impactos negativos en la salud física y mental de las personas, así como las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos, para prevenir el contagio masivo de la población como el confinamiento, el aislamiento social, el trabajo y educación virtual. Dentro de los afectados por estos cambios, se encontrarían los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud, que además de estudiar en estas condiciones de pandemia, no han podido hacer sus prácticas de los servicios de salud. Esta situación de exposición al aislamiento, podría afectar la salud mental de los jóvenes estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y las características del aislamiento social durante la Pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal y cuantitativo, con una muestra de 818 estudiantes universitarios de facultades de ciencias de la salud, mediante el cuestionario autoadministrado DASS-21. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos fueron: una mayor prevalencia en niveles altos (severos y extremadamente severos) en la ansiedad, alcanzado casi a 4 de cada 10 de los evaluados; por otro lado, en depresión y el estrés, 2 de cada 10 de los evaluados, se encontraron en los niveles mencionados. En relación con las variables sociodemográficas, las relacionadas con el COVID-19 y aislamiento social, se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el género (mujeres > varones), el haber tenido COVID-19 (Sí > No) y vivir con familiares como antes de la pandemia (Sí > No) obtuvieron en promedio mayores puntajes en depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Conclusión: Los estudiantes que presentaron mayor depresión, ansiedad y estrés con una diferencia significativa fueron de género femenino, con antecedentes de haber tenido Covid-19, menor contacto con familiares y haber cumplido con aislamiento social total.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 Pandemic has had negative impacts on the physical and mental health of people, as well as the measures adopted by governments to prevent the massive contagion of the population, such as confinement, social isolation, virtual work, and virtual education. Among those affected by these changes would be university students in the health area who, in addition to studying in these pandemic conditions, have been unable to do their health service practices. This situation of exposure to isolation could affect the mental health of young university students. Objective: To determine the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in university students, their relationship with sociodemographic variables, and the characteristics of social isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 818 university students from health sciences faculties using the DASS-21 self-administered questionnaire. Results: The main findings were a higher prevalence of high levels (severe and highly severe) in anxiety, reaching almost 4 out of 10 of those evaluated; On the other hand, in depression and stress, 2 out of 10 of those evaluated were found at the mentioned levels. Concerning the sociodemographic variables, those related to COVID-19 and social isolation, statistically significant differences were found with gender (women > men), having had COVID-19 (Yes > No), and living with relatives as before. On average, the pandemic (Yes > No) obtained higher scores in depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: The students who presented greater depression, anxiety, and stress with a significant difference were female, with a history of having had Covid-19, less contact with family members, and having complied with total social isolation

Resumen El concepto de bienestar subjetivo se refiere a la forma global, positiva o negativa, en la que las personas evalúan sus vidas y experiencias. La búsqueda de factores que expliquen el bienestar subjetivo, actualmente uno de los temas de mayor interés en la psicología, condujo al concepto de satisfacciones de dominios, que se entienden como los juicios que las personas hacen al evaluar los mayores dominios de vida. Este estudio correlacional tuvo por objetivo establecer la relación de la satisfacción en los dominios económico, de pareja, familia, amigos, salud, vida universitaria y rendimiento académico, con los componentes cognitivo y emocional del bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción vital y felicidad, respectivamente), identificando cuáles de esos dominios lo predicen. La muestra, no probabilística, estuvo conformada por 344 estudiantes de una universidad pública colombiana (50.9 % mujeres y 49.1 % hombres) con edades entre 18 y 29 años (. = 20.89; DT = 2.52). Los resultados mostraron una fuerte relación de todos los dominios con el bienestar subjetivo. La satisfacción en los dominios económico, de pareja, familia, amigos y vida universitaria explicó la varianza de la satisfacción vital y la felicidad en forma diferenciada. Se concluye que: (a) el bienestar se afecta con la satisfacción de necesidades asociadas a los dominios cercanos e importantes para el individuo; (b) las satisfacciones de dominios impactan más el componente cognitivo del bienestar que el emocional; (c) el dominio económico satisface más necesidades cognitivas, la amistad suple necesidades emocionales, y la pareja, la familia y la vida universitaria satisfacen ambas.

Abstract The concept of subjective well-being refers to the overall positive or negative way in which people evaluate their lives and experiences. It is generally accepted that subjective well-being is made up of a cognitive component usually called satisfaction with life or life satisfaction and an emotional component usually referred to as happiness. The search for factors that explain subjective well-being is currently one of the most interesting topics in psychology and led to the concept of domain satisfactions, which are understood as the judgments that people make when evaluating the major domains of life. It refers to the perceived degree of satisfaction that we obtain from the way in which each of these main domains or areas of our lives are developed. This correlational study with predictive intent aimed at establishing the relationship of satisfaction in the economic, couple, family, friends, health, university life, and academic performance domains, with the cognitive and emotional components of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and happiness, respectively), identifying which of these domains predict well-being. The non-probabilistic sample, for convenience, was made up of 344 women and men (50.9 % and 49.1 % respectively) between 18 and 29 years of age (M = 20.89); SD = 2.52), students from an important Colombian public university based in the city of Palmira. The instruments, which include the Diener’s life satisfaction and Lyubomirsky and Lepper’s happiness scales, and simple items for each domain satisfaction studied (economic, couple, family, friends, health, university life, and academic performance) were answered in a format printed by 64 % of the participants and in virtual format by 36 %, according to their own choice. The results showed that all domain satisfactions were significantly related to both the cognitive and the emotional components of subjective well-being. The results also showed that except for satisfaction with health and academic performance, all other domain satisfactions predicted at least one of the components of subjective well-being. In general, domain satisfactions explained the variance of satisfaction and happiness much better than sociodemographic variables. Thus, it was confirmed that the psychological significance of events that occur in the main areas of people´s lives have much more relevance to well-being than situational factors such as sociodemographic ones. In a different sense, and order of impact, satisfaction with the economic domain, satisfaction with university life, and satisfaction with the couple emerged as the domains that had the greatest influence on life satisfaction, and satisfaction with friends and satisfaction with university life emerged as the strongest predictors of happiness. The results suggest that well-being is especially affected by the satisfaction of needs associated with the closest domains and more important to the individual. These would include the economic domain and relationships that involve affections, but also other domains that, for specific reasons, occupy a relevant place in the individual's internal hierarchy of importance, which may vary among cultures and even among people of the same culture. The above conclusion could explain, among other findings, the significant impact of satisfaction with university life on subjective well-being. The results also suggest that, in general, domain satisfactions have a greater impact on the cognitive component of well-being than on the emotional component, and that, in particular, domains such as economics fundamentally satisfy cognitive needs, friendship fundamentally satisfy emotional needs, and other domains such as couple, family and university life, satisfy both cognitive and emotional needs. This would demonstrate the importance of applying differentiated instruments to study the cognitive and emotional components of well-being.

Abstract Business sectors may be affected by changes in their activity levels. For this reason, the administration requires tools that allow to show the impact on its profitability. The asymmetry in the behavior of the costs of companies belonging to the economic sectors of beverage production and meat processing in Ecuador for the period between 2012 and 2018 was analyzed. 291 companies that presented activity were studied. For the study of sticky costs, 3 analysis variables were defined: operational income, total costs and expenses, and personnel costs and expenses; to which, four different study techniques were applied. The different analysis techniques show consistent and robust results, with the exception of the estimation using panel data in the meat sector. The study´s results show an asymmetric behavior within the costs, which suggest an inability for Ecuadorian companies to lower their costs due to a drop on their income, whereas, when their income raises, so does their cost; a fact that matches the recent evidence found worldwide. This asymmetry could be explained by factors such as regulatory rigidity or expectations of a quick business recovery.

Resumo Setores de negócios podem ser afetados por mudanças em seus níveis de atividade. Por essa razão, a administração necessita de ferramentas que permitam mostrar o impacto na sua rentabilidade. Foi analisado o comportamento assimétrico de custos das empresas pertencentes aos setores econômicos de produção de bebidas e processamento de carne no Equador para o período entre 2012 e 2018. Foram estudadas 291 empresas que apresentaram atividade. Para o estudo dos custos fixos, foram definidas 3 variáveis de análise: receitas operacionais, custos e despesas totais e custos e despesas com pessoal, às quais foram aplicadas quatro técnicas de estudo diferentes. As diferentes técnicas de análise mostram resultados consistentes e robustos, com exceção da estimativa usando dados em painel no setor de carnes. Os resultados do estudo mostram um comportamento assimétrico dentro dos custos, o que sugere uma incapacidade das empresas equatorianas de reduzir seus custos devido à queda de suas receitas, ao passo que, quando suas receitas aumentam, também aumentam seus custos; um fato que coincide com as evidências recentes encontradas em todo o mundo. Essa assimetria pode ser explicada por fatores como rigidez regulatória ou expectativas de recuperação rápida dos negócios.

Abstract: Suicide is a public health problem that occurs at increasingly younger ages, for this reason it is important to develop promotion and prevention's strategies and programs in different contexts such as education. This systematic review presents basic information about programs or strategies for the prevention of suicidal behavior in school contexts, published in the scientific literature (years 2008 to 2020). The search was carried out in the following databases: EBSCO, BVS, Dialnet, Lilacs, Google Académico, Redalyc and Scielo. It was found that prevention programs and strategies aimed at raising awareness, information, training (of gatekeeper and psychoeducation), development, screening or therapeutic intervention, as well as some multimodal interventions that articulate the previous strategies, have been developed. It is concluded that there is a wide range of intervention proposals that can be considered by educational or mental health professionals for the effective prevention of suicidal behavior in schools.

Resumen: El suicidio es un problema de salud pública que se presenta en edades cada vez más tempranas, por esta razón es importante desarrollar estrategias y programas de promoción y prevención en diferentes contextos, como el educativo. La presente revisión sistemática presenta información básica de programas o estrategias de prevención de las conductas suicidas en contextos escolares publicadas en la literatura científica (años 2008 a 2020). La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos EBSCO, BVS, Dialnet, Lilacs, Google Académico, Redalyc y Scielo. Se encontró que se han desarrollado programas y estrategias de prevención orientadas a sensibilización, información, entrenamiento (de gatekeeper –“guardián”- y psicoeducación), desarrollo, screening o intervención terapéutica, así como algunas intervenciones multimodales que articulan las estrategias anteriores. Se concluye que existe una amplia gama de propuestas de intervención que pueden ser consideradas por los profesionales educativos o en salud mental para la prevención efectiva de la conducta suicida en instituciones educativas.

ABSTRACT Sexism is the set of beliefs and characteristics that are socially considered appropriate for men and women, in the case of men, activities associated with strength, and virility, among other features, while the ladies are related to activities such as beauty and body expression, among others. The objective of the present research was to analyze the differences in sexism among the students in pedagogy training in physical education at the University of Santiago de Chile according to various sociodemographic variables. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) was applied to 201 participants. The results showed low levels of sexism, the levels of hostile and benevolent sexism decrease as the career progresses, and that men score higher than women in the two types of sexism. It is concluded that sex, career year, sexual orientation, and religious beliefs influence the sexism levels of physical education students.

RESUMO Sexismo é o conjunto de crenças e características que são socialmente consideradas apropriadas para homens e mulheres, no caso dos homens, atividades associadas à força, virilidade, entre outras características, enquanto as mulheres estão ligadas a atividades como beleza, expressão corporal, entre outras. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar as diferenças no sexismo nos estudantes em formação de pedagogia em educação física de uma Universidade de Santiago do Chile segundo diversas variáveis sociodemográficas. Para este fim, o Inventário do Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) foi aplicado a 201 participantes. Os resultados mostraram baixos níveis de sexismo, com níveis de sexismo hostil e benevolente diminuindo à medida que o curso avançava, e que os homens pontuavam mais alto que as mulheres em ambos os tipos de sexismo. Conclui-se que gênero, ano de estudo, orientação sexual e crenças religiosas influenciam os níveis de sexismo dos estudantes de Educação Física.

RESUMEN El sexismo es el conjunto de creencias y características que son socialmente consideradas apropiadas para hombres y mujeres, en el caso de los varones, actividades asociadas a la fuerza, virilidad, entre otras características, mientras que a las damas se ligan actividades como la belleza, expresión corporal, entre otras. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las diferencias en el sexismo en los estudiantes en formación de pedagogía en educación física de una Universidad de Santiago de Chile según diversas variables sociodemográficas. Para ello se aplicó el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) a 201 participantes. Los resultados evidenciaron bajos niveles de sexismo, los niveles de sexismo hostil y benevolente disminuyen conforme avanza la carrera y que los hombres puntúan más alto que las mujeres los dos tipos de sexismo. Se concluye que el sexo, año de carrera, orientación sexual y las creencias religiosas influyen en los niveles de sexismo de los estudiantes de Educación Física.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab injections following a single dexamethasone implant in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion. Methods: This was a prospective interventional non-comparative study, 44 eyes of patients with naïve macular edema related to branch and central retinal vein occlusion were treated with a dexamethasone implant. Patients were followed-up at four-week intervals from the second to the sixth month. If persistent or recurrent macular edema occurred during this period, the patient was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injections on an as-needed basis. The outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness changes. Results: The mean best-corrected visual acuity changed from 0.97 ± 0.33 LogMAR at baseline to 0.54 ± 0.40 at the six-month post-implant examination (p<0.00001). Improvement ≥3 Snellen lines were seen in 20 eyes (45.54%). The mean central macular thickness at baseline was 670.25 ± 209.9 microns. This had decreased to 317.43 ± 112.68 microns at the six-month follow-up (p<0.00001). The mean number of intravitreal bevacizumab injections received in the six months post-implant was 2.32. The mean time from dexamethasone implant to first anti-VEGF injection was 3.45 months. Conclusions: Intravitreal bevacizumab injections following a single dexamethasone implant were found to improve best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness in patients with macular edema due to branch and central retinal vein occlusion at six months, with few intravitreal injections required.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da combinação de injeções intravítreas de bevacizumabe em olhos com edema macular secundário à oclusão de ramo e da veia central da retina após um único implante de dexametasona. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo intervencionista não comparativo com 44 olhos de pacientes com edema macular relacionado à oclusão de ramo e veia central da retina, sem tratamento prévio e tratados com um único implante de dexametasona, que foram acompanhados em intervalos de quatro semanas do segundo ao sexto mês. Se fosse constatado edema macular persistente ou recorrente durante esse período, os pacientes eram tratados com injeções intravítreas de bevacizumabe em um regime ajustado conforme a necessidade. Foram estudadas a melhor acuidade visual corrigida e alterações da espessura macular central. Resultados: A média da melhor acuidade visual corrigida mudou de 0,97 ± 0,33 LogMAR iniciais para 0,54 ± 0,40 no exame de 6 meses (p<0,00001). Vinte olhos (45,54%) melhoraram 3 linhas de Snellen ou mais. A média da espessura macular central inicial foi de 670,25 ± 209,9 μm e diminuiu para 317,43 ± 112,68 μm na visita de 6 meses (p<0,00001). O número médio de injeções intravítreas de bevacizumabe em 6 meses foi de 2,32 e o tempo médio entre o implante de dexametasona e a primeira injeção de anti-VEGF foi de 3,45 meses. Conclusão: Injeções intravítreas de bevacizumabe após um único implante de dexametasona podem proporcionar um aumento da melhor acuidade visual corrigida e diminuição da espessura macular central aos 6 meses em pacientes com edema macular devido à oclusão de ramo e da veia central da retina, com poucas injeções intravítreas.

Training people with mental illnesses promotes social and labour market inclusion. The evaluation of these programs is essential to determine their scope. The aim is to identify the methods and instruments used in the evaluation of peer education programs for people with mental illness. A documentary review has been carried out. According to the inclusion and eligibility criteria, 56 programs were selected for the analysis. We found that the evaluation methods used are very heterogeneous and the provided information is limited; most of the programs evaluate knowledge, but not the acquired competences through training. It is necessary to collect information at different times and with complementary strategies for an adequate evaluation of the competences. If this is not done, it would be difficult to affirm that the person has developed the necessary competences for their tasks.

La formación de las personas con enfermedad mental favorece la inclusión social y laboral. La evaluación de estos programas es fundamental para determinar su alcance. El objetivo es identificar los métodos e instrumentos de evaluación empleados en los programas de formación de pares para personas con enfermedad mental. Se realiza una revisión documental. Según los criterios de inclusión y elegibilidad, se seleccionaron 56 programas para su análisis. Los métodos de evaluación utilizados son muy heterogéneos y la información proporcionada es limitada. Encontramos que la mayoría de los programas evalúa conocimientos, pero no las competencias adquiridas con la formación. Para una adecuada evaluación de competencias, es necesario que se recoja información en diferentes momentos y con estrategias que se complementen; de no actuar de esta forma sería complicado afirmar que la persona cuenta con las competencias necesarias para su desempeño.

A formação de pessoas com doenças mentais favorece a inclusão social e laboral. A avaliação destes programas é fundamental para determinar o seu alcance. O objetivo é identificar os métodos e instrumentos de avaliação utilizados nos programas de formação de pares para pessoas com doenças mentais. É realizada uma revisão documental. De acordo com os critérios de inclusão e elegibilidade, 56 programas foram selecionados para análise. Os métodos de avaliação utilizados são muito heterogêneos e a informação fornecida é limitada. Verificamos que a maioria dos programas avalia os conhecimentos, mas não as competências adquiridas através da formação. Para uma avaliação adequada das competências, é necessário recolher informações em momentos diferentes e com estratégias complementares; se isto não for feito, seria difícil afirmar que a pessoa tem as competências necessárias para o seu desempenho.

Abstract Background Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a rare inherited skin disease caused by variants in the COL7A1 gene, coding for type VII collagen (C7), an important component of anchoring fibrils in the basement membrane of the epidermis. RDEB patients suffer from skin fragility starting with blister formation and evolving into chronic wounds, inflammation and skin fibrosis, with a high risk of developing aggressive skin carcinomas. Restricted therapeutic options are limited by the lack of in vitro models of defective wound healing in RDEB patients. Results In order to explore a more efficient, non-invasive in vitro model for RDEB studies, we obtained patient fibroblasts derived from discarded dressings) and examined their phenotypic features compared with fibroblasts derived from non-injured skin of RDEB and healthy-donor skin biopsies. Our results demonstrate that fibroblasts derived from RDEB chronic wounds (RDEB-CW) displayed characteristics of senescent cells, increased myofibroblast differentiation, and augmented levels of TGF-β1 signaling components compared to fibroblasts derived from RDEB acute wounds and unaffected RDEB skin as well as skin from healthy-donors. Furthermore, RDEB-CW fibroblasts exhibited an increased pattern of inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β and IL-6) when compared with RDEB and control fibroblasts. Interestingly, these aberrant patterns were found specifically in RDEB-CW fibroblasts independent of the culturing method, since fibroblasts obtained from dressing of acute wounds displayed a phenotype more similar to fibroblasts obtained from RDEB normal skin biopsies. Conclusions Our results show that in vitro cultured RDEB-CW fibroblasts maintain distinctive cellular and molecular characteristics resembling the inflammatory and fibrotic microenvironment observed in RDEB patients’ chronic wounds. This work describes a novel, non-invasive and painless strategy to obtain human fibroblasts chronically subjected to an inflammatory and fibrotic environment, supporting their use as an accessible model for in vitro studies of RDEB wound healing pathogenesis. As such, this approach is well suited to testing new therapeutic strategies under controlled laboratory conditions.

Training people with mental illnesses promotes social and labour market inclusion. The evaluation of these programs is essential to determine their scope. The aim is to identify the methods and instruments used in the evaluation of peer education programs for people with mental illness. A documentary review has been carried out. According to the inclusion and eligibility criteria, 56 programs were selected for the analysis. We found that the evaluation methods used are very heterogeneous and the provided information is limited; most of the programs evaluate knowledge, but not the acquired competences through training. It is necessary to collect information at different times and with complementary strategies for an adequate evaluation of the competences. If this is not done, it would be difficult to affirm that the person has developed the necessary competences for their tasks.

La formación de las personas con enfermedad mental favorece la inclusión social y laboral. La evaluación de estos programas es fundamental para determinar su alcance. El objetivo es identificar los métodos e instrumentos de evaluación empleados en los programas de formación de pares para personas con enfermedad mental. Se realiza una revisión documental. Según los criterios de inclusión y elegibilidad, se seleccionaron 56 programas para su análisis. Los métodos de evaluación utilizados son muy heterogéneos y la información proporcionada es limitada. Encontramos que la mayoría de los programas evalúa conocimientos, pero no las competencias adquiridas con la formación. Para una adecuada evaluación de competencias, es necesario que se recoja información en diferentes momentos y con estrategias que se complementen; de no actuar de esta forma sería complicado afirmar que la persona cuenta con las competencias necesarias para su desempeño.

A formação de pessoas com doenças mentais favorece a inclusão social e laboral. A avaliação destes programas é fundamental para determinar o seu alcance. O objetivo é identificar os métodos e instrumentos de avaliação utilizados nos programas de formação de pares para pessoas com doenças mentais. É realizada uma revisão documental. De acordo com os critérios de inclusão e elegibilidade, 56 programas foram selecionados para análise. Os métodos de avaliação utilizados são muito heterogêneos e a informação fornecida é limitada. Verificamos que a maioria dos programas avalia os conhecimentos, mas não as competências adquiridas através da formação. Para uma avaliação adequada das competências, é necessário recolher informações em momentos diferentes e com estratégias complementares; se isto não for feito, seria difícil afirmar que a pessoa tem as competências necessárias para o seu desempenho.

Abstract The central hypothesis of the project considers that the presence and contagion of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-2019) has been developing under a systematic pattern, that is, not randomly; There are specific areas of the country where it is concentrated, mainly due to the size of the population that lives in said municipalities, but additionally, correlated with environmental variables (social and economic) that have determined the severity of the effects of the disease in said territories. . The results of this research will make it possible to compare and identify COVID-19 contagion "hot spots" from January 2021 to January 2022, not only due to the size of the population, but also due to the social conditions in which they were found. population lives and thus be able to observe the impacts of the disease over time.

Resumen La hipótesis central del proyecto considera que la presencia y contagios del SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-2019) se ha estado desarrollando bajo un patrón sistemático, es decir, no de forma aleatoria; existiendo zonas específicas del país en donde se concentra, primordialmente por el tamaño de la población que habita en dichos municipios, pero adicional, correlacionado con variables del entorno (sociales y económicas) que han determinado la gravedad de los efectos de la enfermedad en dichos territorios. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten comparar e identificar “puntos calientes” de contagio por COVID-19 de enero 2021 a enero 2022, no sólo por el tamaño de la población, sino por las condiciones sociales en que vive dicha población y con ello, observar los impactos de la enfermedad en el tiempo.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La práctica de la neurología como especialidad clínica es relativamente reciente en Colombia, a pesar de que esta área ha mostrado progresos académicos significativos; la información sociodemográfica es limitada. OBJETIVO: Describir las características sociodemográficas de los neurólogos laboralmente activos en Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo en dos periodos. La información se obtuvo mediante encuestas autodiligenciadas a los asistentes al Congreso Nacional de Neurología del año 2016; la del 2020 se recolectó empleando cuestionarios en línea a través de formularios Google. RESULTADOS: Se contabilizaron 549 neurólogos laboralmente activos en el territorio colombiano. El análisis de las muestras 2016 y 2020 mostró que la mayor proporción de estos especialistas se concentraba en Bogotá (45,4 %), Medellín (13,4 %) y Cali (8,4 %), con una ocupación escasa en ciudades no capitales. La comparación de horas laborales e ingresos económicos al analizar 2016 y 2020 no mostró diferencias. El mayor tiempo de ejercicio se correlacionó con mayores ingresos, tanto en el 2016 (p < 0,001) como en el 2020 (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: Excepto por el incremento en la población de nuevos neurólogos, las características socio-demográficas de los neurólogos en Colombia se mantienen sin variaciones al comparar los años 2016 y 2020.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neurology practice is relatively recent in Colombia. Even though this area has shown significant academic advances, information regarding sociodemographic conditions is limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe sociodemographic characteristics of neurologists who are currently active in Colombia. METHODS: Descriptive study over two time periods. The information was obtained by means of self-administered surveys to the neurologists attending the neurology national congress in 2016. In 2020, data was collected by means of on-line questionnaires using google forms. RESULTS: The sample included 549 neurologists. The largest proportion of these specialists were located in Bogotá (45.4 %), Medellín (13.4 %) and Cali (8.4 %). After comparing working hours per week and income we did not identify differences between these 2 years. The time of work experience was correlated with economic income both in 2016 (p<0.001) as in 2020 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Except for increasing number of neurologists of recent graduation, the sociodemographic characteristics of Colombian neurologists remain stable when comparing 2016 and 2020.

Abstract: At the beginning of the 19th century, the independence attempts of the River Plate territory were viewed with the most absolute disdain by those related to the regime of Fernando VII. The peninsular press of those years offered a completely partial view of the conflict, and the same happened with literature. In the present work we analyse the novel Sofía y Enrique, by Vicenta Maturana, composed in 1825 and published in 1829. What the author of this work raises is not so much a denunciation of the revolutionaries for being disloyal to the king, but for promoting an anti-Spanishist sentiment in the American territory that happens to exclude, marginalize, and attack any person who comes from the peninsula. The importance of this text would lie, therefore, in consolidating an imperialist discourse based on victimhood, for sympathizing with the Spaniards who are expelled from a territory that once would have been dominated by their own monarch.

Resumen: A principios del siglo XIX, las tentativas independentistas del territorio rioplatense fueron contempladas con el más absoluto desdén por los afines al régimen de Fernando VII. La prensa peninsular de aquellos años ofrecía una visión completamente parcial del conflicto, y lo mismo ocurrió con la literatura. En el presente trabajo analizamos la novela Sofía y Enrique, de Vicenta Maturana, compuesta en 1825 y publicada en 1829. Lo que la autora de esta obra plantea no es tanto una denuncia a los revolucionarios por ser desleales al rey, sino por promover en el territorio americano un sentimiento antiespañolista que pasa por excluir, marginar y atacar a toda persona que provenga de la península. La importancia de este texto residiría, por tanto, en consolidar un discurso imperialista basado en el victimismo, por compadecerse de los españoles que quedan expulsados de un territorio que antaño habría estado dominado por su mismo monarca.

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación de niveles séricos de micronutrientes de los niños menores de 5 años, es un requerimiento básico para establecer la prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales de la población infantil y es una estrategia útil para incentivar a Salud Pública para que tome medidas en cuanto a aplicación y/o modificación de las Políticas Alimentarias Nacionales. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles séricos de cobre, hierro y zinc en niños paraguayos menores de 5 años. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se procesaron las muestras de sangre de 1.441 niños menores de 5 años de edad que provenían de los Departamentos de Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central y de la capital de Paraguay. Se realizaron hemogramas y se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de albúmina, cobre, ferritina y zinc, de todas las muestras. Resultados: Los niños tuvieron una edad promedio de 3 años y 3 meses, fueron 52,74% de sexo masculino y 47,26% de sexo femenino. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 45,25% y la prevalencia de hipoalbuminemia fue de 20,65%. Se detectaron deficiencias de cobre en 14,03%, de ferritina en 6,98% y de zinc en 43,62%, de los niños. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio avalan la necesidad de ampliar la cobertura del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral (PANI), de plantearse si se deben ajustar las cantidades de minerales y vitaminas de la fórmula nutricional del Programa y de mejorar el seguimiento de los controles prenatales de las madres.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The determination of serum levels of micronutrients in children under 5 years of age is a basic requirement to establish the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies in the child population and is a useful strategy to encourage Public Health agencies to take steps regarding application. and/or modification of National Food Policies. Objective: To determine the serum levels of copper, iron and zinc in Paraguayan children under 5 years of age. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Blood samples from 1,441 children under 5 years of age who came from the Departments of Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central and the capital of Paraguay were processed. Complete blood counts were performed and the serum concentrations of albumin, copper, ferritin and zinc were determined in all samples. Results: The children in this study had an average age of 3 years and 3 months, they were 52.74% male and 47.26% female. The prevalence of anemia was 45.25% and the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia was 20.65%. Copper deficiencies were detected in 14.03%, ferritin in 6.98% and zinc in 43.62% of the children. Conclusion: The results of this study support the need to expand the coverage of the Comprehensive Nutritional Food Program (PANI program), to consider whether the amounts of minerals and vitamins in the Program's nutritional formula should be adjusted, and to improve prenatal care.

Resumen Introducción. En los meningiomas, ocurren con frecuencia mutaciones en la región promotora de la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa. Objetivo. Estimar la importancia pronóstica de las mutaciones de la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa en pacientes colombianos con meningiomas de grados II y III. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo y multicéntrico, que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de meningioma persistente o recidivante, de grados II y III, según la clasificación de la OMS, reclutados entre el 2011 y el 2018, con tratamiento sistémico (sunitinib, everolimus con octreótido o sin él, y bevacizumab). El estado de la mutación del promotor de la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa se determinó por medio de la PCR. Resultados. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes, en 21 (52,5 %) de los cuales se encontraron mutaciones en la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa, siendo las variantes más frecuentes la C228T (87,5 %) y la C250T (14,3 %). Estas fueron más frecuentes entre los pacientes con meningiomas anaplásicos (p=0,18), en aquellos con más de dos recurrencias (p=0,04), y en los que presentaron lesiones en la región parasagital y la fosa anterior (p=0,05). Los sujetos caracterizados por tener alteraciones puntuales fueron tratados con mayor frecuencia con la serie de medicamentos everolimus, sunitinib y bevacizumab (p=0,06). Tras el inicio del tratamiento médico, la supervivencia global fue de 23,7 meses (IC95% 13,1-34,2) en los pacientes con mutaciones y, de 43,4 meses (IC95% 37,5-49,3), entre aquellos sin mutaciones (p=0,0001). Los resultados del análisis multivariado demostraron que, únicamente, el número de recurrencias y la presencia de mutaciones en el gen de la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa, fueron factores que afectaron negativamente la supervivencia global. Conclusiones. Las mutaciones en el gen promotor de la transcriptasa inversa de la telomerasa permiten identificar los pacientes con alto riesgo, cuya detección podría ser de utilidad para seleccionar el mejor esquema terapéutico.

Abstract Introduction: Mutations in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase occur frequently in meningiomas. Objective: To estimate the prognostic importance of telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations in Colombian patients with grades II and III meningioma. Materials and methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with refractory or recurrent WHO grades II and III meningiomas, recruited between 2011 and 2018, and treated with systemic therapy (sunitinib, everolimus ± octreotide, and bevacizumab). Mutation status of the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter was established by PCR. Results: Forty patients were included, of which telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations were found in 21 (52.5%), being C228T and C250T the most frequent variants with 87.5 % and 14.3 %, respectively. These were more frequent among patients with anaplastic meningiomas (p=0.18), with more than 2 recurrences (p=0.04); and in patients with parasagittal region and anterior fossa lesions (p=0.05). Subjects characterized as having punctual mutations were more frequently administered with everolimus, sunitinib and bevacizumab drug series (p=0.06). Overall survival was 23.7 months (CI95% 13.1-34.2) and 43.4 months (CI95% 37.5-49.3; p=0.0001) between subjects with and without mutations, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of recurrences and the presence of telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations were the only variables that negatively affected overall survival. Conclusions: Mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase allows the identification of high-risk patients and could be useful in the selection of the best medical treatment.

Resumen Contreras-Jofré, N. F., Pinochet-Gilli, J. I., Aguayo-Carrasco, E. A., Binimelis-Hermosilla, M., Pérez-Núñez, S. B., Vergara-Ortúzar, R. C. & Muñoz-Hinrichsen, F. (2022). Percepción de para atletas chilenos, rumbo a Santiago 2023, sobre la accesibilidad. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-18. El objetivo de esta investigación es triple: 1) comprender las percepciones de los paratletas sobre la accesibilidad respecto a las futuras sedes de los Juegos Parapanamericanos Santiago 2023; 2) establecer diferencias en la percepción debidas al origen de la discapacidad y 3) documentar la percepción de paratletas con grandes necesidades de apoyo (AHSN, por sus siglas en inglés). Esta investigación es cuantitativa transversal que, en su primera etapa, desarrolló el instrumento denominado Encuesta de Percepción de Accesibilidad de Para-atletas (PPA-D, por sus siglas en inglés) y, en una segunda etapa, se aplicó a 96 paratletas chilenos (77.8% hombres, edad promedio = 31.0 ± 11.6 años). Para la prueba, se obtuvo un coeficiente de validación = .96. Respecto a las características de la muestra, 16.6% correspondió a participantes con discapacidad visual; un 35.1% era AHSN; el 51.5% estaba vinculado a la alta competencia y el 59.3% se trasladaba por su cuenta a sus entrenamientos. Se identificó una percepción negativa de la accesibilidad, principalmente en cuanto al transporte en microbús, en los elevadores y en los espacios de baños, afectando principalmente a AHSN con discapacidad visual (F1,101 = 14.01, p = .0003). Se concluye que es importante abordar las brechas de género, origen de discapacidad y AHSN para garantizar una participación equitativa bajo un marco de derecho.

Resumo Contreras-Jofré, N. F., Pinochet-Gilli, J. I., Aguayo-Carrasco, E. A., Binimelis-Hermosilla, M., Pérez-Núñez, S. B., Vergara-Ortúzar, R. C. & Muñoz-Hinrichsen, F. (2022). Percepção dos paratletas chilenos, rumo a Santiago 2023, sobre acessibilidade. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-18. O objetivo desta pesquisa é triplo: 1) compreender as percepções dos paratletas sobre acessibilidade com relação às futuras sedes dos Jogos Parapan-Americanos de Santiago 2023; 2) estabelecer diferenças de percepção devido à origem da deficiência portada e 3) documentar a percepção de paratletas com altas necessidades de apoio (AHSN, por suas siglas em inglês). Esta pesquisa é quantitativa transversal que, em sua primeira etapa, desenvolveu o instrumento denominado Enquete de Percepção de Acessibilidade de Paratletas (PPA-D, por suas siglas em inglês) e, em uma segunda etapa, foi aplicada a 96 paratletas chilenos (77,8% homens, idade média = 31,0 ± 11,6 anos). Para o teste, obteve-se um coeficiente de validação = 0,96. Em relação às características da amostra, 16,6% corresponderam a participantes com deficiência visual; 35,1% eram AHSN; 51,5% estavam ligados à alta competência e 59,3% se deslocaram por conta própria para o treinamento. Identificou-se uma percepção negativa de acessibilidade, principalmente com relação ao transporte por micro-ônibus, elevadores e banheiros, afetando principalmente os AHSN com deficiência visual (F1.101 = 14,01, p = 0,0003). Conclui-se que é importante abordar as lacunas de gênero, origem da deficiência e AHSN para garantir uma participação equitativa ao abrigo de um quadro jurídico.

Abstract Contreras-Jofré, N. F., Pinochet-Gilli, J. I., Aguayo-Carrasco, E. A., Binimelis-Hermosilla, M., Pérez-Núñez, S. B., Vergara-Ortúzar, R. C. & Muñoz-Hinrichsen, F. (2022). Accessibility perception of chilean para-athletes, road to Santiago 2023. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-18. The objective of this research is three-fold: 1) to understand Para-athletes' perceptions on accessibility regarding Santiago 2023 Parapan American games' future venues, 2) to establish differences in perception due to the origin of the disability, and 3) document alignment, if any, with athletes with high support needs (AHSN). This research is a two-phased quantitative cross-sectional study, which at the first stage developed the ''Para-athletes Perception on Accessibility Survey” (PPA-D) and, at the second stage, the survey was applied to 96 Chilean Para-athletes (77.8% men, mean age = 31.0 ± 11.6 years old). The test obtained a validation coefficient of = 0.96. Regarding the sample characteristics, 16.6% corresponded to participants with visual impairment, 35.1% were AHSN, 51.5% were linked to high-level competition, and 59.3% travelled on their own to their training sessions. A negative perception of accessibility was found, mainly concerning minibuses, elevators, and restroom spaces, affecting mostly AHSN with visual impairment (F1.101 = 14.01, p = .0003). We conclude that it is important to address gender, disability, and AHSN gaps to guarantee equitable participation under a framework of the law and social rights.